Juvenile Detention A Second Chance Towards Life

Saurabh Dekate Professor Patricia Loughrey English 301B 23rd September 2014 Juvenile Detention, a second chance towards life The juvenile court established in Chicago in 1899 defines a juvenile as a youth who is not old enough to be held responsible for his crimes. Every state has a standard threshold for age, which classifies the person as an adult or minor. Accordingly, they are prosecuted in the adult or juvenile courts as per their age. United States have experienced an increase in its crime rate in the last few decades. The number of juvenile crimes has increased exponentially. Many of these juveniles are accused of hideous crimes such as murder and rape. But all the juvenile crime does not take place in the same circumstances. For such juveniles, who are basically unaware of their actions, can be reformed in rehabilitation centers. During the trial of Graham, who was accused of armed robbery. Attorney Roper V. Simmons argued that, â€Å"From a moral standpoint, it would be misguided to equate the failings of a minor with those of an adult, for a greater possibility exists that a minor’s chara cter deficiencies will be reformed.†. He believed that due to lack of sense of responsibility and maturity, the minors have a high probability of being vulnerable to bad influences. And he also believes that reforming the psychology of minors is more probable than as compared to that of adults. He wanted Graham to get one more chance to prove himself as a man who would be honest andShow MoreRelated No Prison Time for Juvenile Crime and Violence Essay882 Words   |  4 Pages No Prison Time for Juvenile Crime nbsp; Students are shooting up schools across the country. Kids as young as twelve and thirteen are being convicted of murdering their peers. Right here in Hanover, two teens have been charged with the murders of Dartmouth professors. Although juvenile crime across the country may not be on the rise, high publicity, headline-grabbing juvenile-perpetrated homicides certainly are. nbsp; Prosecutors, attempting to satiate public demand for justice, haveRead MoreCRJ 180 WEEK SEVEN Essay1560 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ COMBATING JUVENILE DELINQUENCY GINA BUFFALOE CRJ 180/STRAYER UNIVERSITY DR. CLINTON MILLER 8/17/2014    COMBATING JUVENILE DELIQUENCY HILSBOROUGH COUNTY, FLORIDA Hillsborough County in the state of Florida initiated a program called the Juvenile Arrest Avoidance Program or JAAP in August of 2010. The the Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative (JDAI) was also implemented to provide at-risk youths the greatest opportunity to mature into responsible, law-abiding adultsRead MoreCrime Prevention Programs And Juvenile Delinquency1378 Words   |  6 PagesPrevention Programs Juvenile Delinquency Jenna Moffitt American Military University Professor Parkinson CMRJ295 November 29, 2015 Crime Prevention Programs Juvenile Delinquency Crime is the one constant thing in our country that will always be around. For decades we have enhanced our technology, changed our laws, put away criminals, but crime still, and will always exist. Crime prevention programs are put into place to help prevent juveniles and adults from continuingRead MoreJuvenile Courts and Juvenile Delinquency1176 Words   |  5 Pages How would you feel if the police arrested kids all over our country to jail for just crossing the street the wrong way or pushing another kid on the playground? That is what is happening to many underage juvenile all over the United States; they are being sent to adult prisons for crimes that do not deserve such severe punishments. Why they were tried as adults is an enigma and we will explain why this is a terrible injustice. In 1899 children in between the ages of 7-14 were believed they wereRead MoreShould Juveniles Be Tried as Adults. Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesShould juveniles be tried as adults? Some people disagree and others agree. Juveniles can be tired as adults committing crimes such as a DUI,minor in possession,robbery,rape,murder and any other crimes committed by an adult. The juveniles can be punished under the juvenile law. The juvenile law states that although most states try juveniles crime cases in juvenile court when the offenders is younger than 18, a few s tates have younger cutoffs (Juvenile Law). The treatment and successful reintegrationRead MoreShould Juvenile Offenders Be Punished?1423 Words   |  6 PagesAmericans, justice is important. When harm is done to most Americans, often victims of harm say they want the juvenile offender to pay for what he/she has done. Making someone pay for the harm they have caused is an easy concept when it comes to adult offenders; however, what about juvenile offenders? Should juvenile offenders be punished for what he/she has done? When victims want the juvenile offender to be punished for the harm they have caused, this is called retributive justice. Often AmericansRead MoreThe Legal Age Of Juvenile Justice1648 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile justice is the area of criminal law applicable to persons not old enough to be held responsible for criminal acts (Juvenile Justice. (n.d.). Retrieved September 3, 2014)[1]. A â€Å"crime† is any act or omission of an act in violation of a public law forbidding or commanding it (Criminal Law. (n.d.). Retrieved September 3, 2014)[1]. The legal age limit for who is considered to be juvenile varies from state to state, although many states have set the legal age limit at 18. Once a child hasRead MoreJuvenile Punishment And Its Effects On Society1708 Words   |  7 Pagesthemselves. This is the definition of a juvenile. Many people give up on juveniles right away. Once we give up on the juveniles then they give up on themselves. They need a hand that can help them n ot a hand that reprimands a mistake. Children deserve thousands of chances until they see how truly amazing they are. Some people need to fall before they fly, but when they fly it is beautiful. A juvenile who has committed drug related crimes deserves a chance given by rehabilitation rather than punishmentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Gridiron Gang1433 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Joanou (2006), states the following statistical rate of juveniles in prison, there are over 120,000 juveniles incarcerated in detention centers across the United States and upon release seventy-five percent of juveniles will either return to prison or will die on the streets. Joanou (2006) Movie Gridiron Gang is a depiction of a true story about probation officer, Sean Porter, at Camp Kilpartick Juvenile Detention Facility in Los Angles California, where he helped turned adolescentsRead MoreThe Is Our Legal System Effective And Just?1691 Words   |  7 Pagesquestion is raised toward our society: Is our legal system effective and just? In America, adolescents can be charged and sentenced as adults for violent crimes, regardless of their age. Sometimes, juveniles can receive very harsh punishments, such as life in prison, or even the death penalty. Is this fair? Does this justice system accurately portray the American doctrine of freedom and justice that our nation once worked so hard to establish? The recent increasing frequency of juveniles being charged

Mines - 1000 Words

Hardships of Living Two Lives Mines 2002 Susan Straight Sometimes it is very difficult to adjust to different environments especially when living in a socially unstable community. Susan Straight knows what this is like growing up in Riverside and having a black husband. Many of her stories are about black family life. In Susan Straights short story Mines (2002), the protagonist, Clarette, works at a stressful job dealing with delinquent juveniles while trying to balance time for her own children at home; with this, Straight shows the hardships of living two different lives and how they connect. First, Clarette works at a youth prison and sees juvenile delinquents wasting their lives away. She is disgusted by the way the†¦show more content†¦In both situations she has to look out for the kids, making sure they do not get into trouble. At home she notices that her son resembles the wards, after she sees him with his head shaved. â€Å"My son. His head naked† (Straight 157). Clarette’s husband, Ray, had Ray Jr. get his head shaved like the juveniles at the Youth Prison. Ray says, â€Å"The look, baby. Everybody wants the look. He said some punks was messin with him at school† (157). Clarette is very upset after this happens. She does not want her son to get into trouble and end up in a terrible place like the Youth Prison. Clarette also sees the similarities in how the kids in her community dress with the way the wards do. Clarette says, I gotta watch all these wards dressed in dark blue work outfits, baggy-ass pants, big old shirts, and then get home and all the kids in the neighborhood are wearing dark blue Dickies; Ray is wearing dark blue Dickies and a Big Dog shirt† (157). The kids think that it is cool to have this look but they do not realize that they could very easily end up in the Youth Prison as well if they continue to act like the wards. In conclusion, Clarette has trouble adjusting from her life at prison to her life at home. Clarettes job at the Youth Prison is stressful and sometimes very physical when the wards start fights. At home, Clarette is always busy as a single parent doing laundry, payingShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Mine Warfare1217 Words   |  5 PagesMine warfare is the strategic, operational, and tactical use of sea mines and the countermeasures to defeat them. These weapons are so dangerous and efficient which is why foreign navies and even terrorist possess these weapons. The history of these weapons goes back to 1776; a year after our nation’s Navy was born. A man named David Bushnell created a mine that was composed of a watertight keg, filled with black powder and a flintlock detonator which was suspended from a float (Levie). The kegsRead MoreThe Pike River Coal Mine1525 Words   |  7 Pagesresults in project management failure. An example of this is the Pike River Coal Mine tra gedy which occurred on November 19th 2010 which is located on the West Coast of New Zealand, where a series of methane explosions happened resulting in the loss of 29 men’s lives and 2 survivors walking away from the explosions. This report will look into the project management failures which occurred at the Pike River Coal Mine such as not completing objectives by certain deadlines which then would lead to goingRead MoreEssay on King Solomons Mines1268 Words   |  6 Pagesblack evil doers are vanquished; peace, justice, and tranquility are returned to Kukuana land; our deserving white and pseudo-white heroes are the benefactors of the plunders of Solomon’s fabled mines; and we as readers are left thoroughly entertained. Work Cited Haggard, H. Rider. King Solomons Mines. 1989. Oxford, New York: Oxford World Classics 1998 Read MoreThe Cause and Effects of Acid Mine Drainage1699 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cause and Effects of Acid Mine Drainage INTRODUCTION Imagine going fishing on a cool Autumn day, the trees are all different shades of orange, brown and red and the birds are singing their beautiful songs, but their is a serious problem because when you arrive at the river all plant and animal life are gone. This is by no means a recent phenomenon. This is due to the effects of acid rock drainage (ARD). This is a problem that has been occurring since ancient times, but it was not untilRead MoreProject Management Failures And Its Effects On The Mine989 Words   |  4 PagesProject Management Failures The other evident failure was that the management did not address concerns that were raised in regards to high volumes of harmful gases in the mine. Pike River Coal Mine’s managers were more concerned about producing huge volumes of coal, instead of protecting their employees from avoidable accidents. For instance, reports of high methane levels were not addressed appropriately. Instead of investing in safety procedures, the managers let their employees work in a dangerousRead More The Cause And Effects Of Acid Mine Drainage Essay1712 Words   |  7 Pages The Cause and Effects of Acid Mine Drainage INTRODUCTION nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Imagine going fishing on a cool Autumn day, the trees are all different shades of orange, brown and red and the birds are singing their beautiful songs, but their is a serious problem because when you arrive at the river all plant and animal life are gone. This is by no means a recent phenomenon. This is due to the effects of acid rock drainage (ARD). This is a problem that has been occurring since ancientRead MoreResearch Report On Pike River Coal Mine Essay1829 Words   |  8 Pages In November 2010, an explosion occurred in Pike River coal mine (PRCM) that caused the death of 29 miners. It was considered as the worst incident in New Zealand after 96 years (Mussen, Dally, Watkins, Chapman, 2012). Pike River Coal Mine was set to be the largest underground coal mine in New Zealand. The explosion occurred 2 months after the mine started their operation. In this report, project management failures in Pike River mine will be discuss and the ways that it could be improved. We willRead MoreA Human-Friendly Method of Treating Acid Mine Drainage785 Words   |  3 PagesThe worldwide problem of acid mine drainage causes harm to waterways, plants, animals, and even humans. Acid mine drainage is water with a high acidity content that originates from water coming in contact with highly acidic-bearing materials in rocks. Those rocks are common in mining regions, which is why acid mine drainage is such a problem for those locations, including the coal mining region of Northe astern Pennsylvania. The water affected by acid mine drainage becomes yellow or orange in colorRead MoreEnvironmental Management Of Mining From New Acland Coal Mine2164 Words   |  9 PagesENVM3305- Environmental Management in Mining Field report- New Acland Coal Mine Name: Sà ¢mara Oliveira Student number: s4338824 INTRODUCTION The minerals are indispensable for the maintenance of industrial activity, since products such as automobiles, machinery, tractors, cement, among others, are manufactured from raw materials coming from this extraction and that these activities are often energetically dependents on certain minerals, such as coal for example. However, the mining activityRead MoreWater Quality Of The Mine Drainage Running Into The Afon Goch North998 Words   |  4 Pagesthe water quality of the mine drainage running into the Afon Goch North has meant that any remediation system must be multi-staged. Furthermore, the unique characteristics of the mine and the heavily polluted water requires an exclusive method of mediation. The treatment system outlined uses passive systems that require relatively little maintainence and have low running costs in order to be used as a long term solution to the pollution being produced. Extending the Mine Adit 　　Initially, the hillside

Pyramids and ziggurats Essay Example For Students

Pyramids and ziggurats Essay There are many similarities (and differences) between Ancient Egyptian Pyramids, Mesopotamian ziggurats, and the pyramids of Pre-Columbian South America. All of them had major significance for their peoples cultures and religious beliefs, as well as having historic significance today. The greatest parallel between all of these ancient skyscrapers is that they were made for the upper echelons of these now defunct civilizations. The Egyptians built the most of these cultures. Over 90 royal pyramids were produced between roughly 2500 BC 1500 BC. A daunting task considering that most of these pyramids were built nowhere near the supplies needed to make them. Giant stones were used, over a million for each pyramid and most stones weighed about 2 tons. The pyramids were basically gigantic tombs for kings and queens. They were seen as gateways between earth and the afterlife. The Egyptians believed that the dead royalties spirit could leave the body and travel through the sky with the sun each day. When the sun set in the west, the royal spirits settled into their pyramid tombs to renew themselves. The mummified body would be placed in these tombs surrounded by important earthly possessions and hieroglyphs telling their stories. Surrounding the pyramids were mortuary temples where mummification took place and where priest preformed rituals. The pyramids form evolved over the years when they were built, from a st ep design to the now synonymous sleek triangle. The largest and most famous pyramid is that of King Khufu, in Giza, which is one of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World, and the only one left. Paralleling the pyramids in Egypt were the ziggurats of Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia (meaning between two rivers, the Tigress and Euphrates) began making these structures around roughly 2000 BC. They were made of bricks that they produced on the buildings work site. There were sun-dried bricks to make up the solid inside of the ziggurat, and there were kiln fired bricks that made up the structures facade. These bricks were much smaller than the stones used in Egypt and also did not have to be brought from far away. Some of the ziggurats were built on top of older ones. Like Egyptian pyramids, the ziggurat was believed to be a kind of gateway between heaven and earth, but unlike the pyramids, the ziggurats where not tombs for kings. Rather they were believed to be the earthly homes of gods. Egyptians built their massive structures outside of major populated areas. But the ziggurats were in prominent areas. Cities had their own patron god or goddess (some places even had two ziggurats, one for a god of both sexes) and priests were the only ones allowed into these temples. They had the honor of catering to the needs of the gods and were powerful figures in their respective communities. Mesopotamians also built the Tower of Babel, which was supposed to have been built as bridge from earth to heaven. It was most likely located in Neo-Babylonia (home of the Hanging Gardens) and was also one of the Seven Wonders of the World, although it no longer exists. It had been destroyed and rebuilt multiple times over, supposedly measuring in at 300 feet high and 300 square feet at its base when it was at its largest size. The size, shape, and ideas behind the ziggurats and the tower have survived in the form of modern day minarets. They are the natural evolution of these ancient structures. They are tall and graceful and are associated with mosques and the Islamic religion. They, like ziggurats were, are believed to be a gateway between heaven and earth. .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 , .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 .postImageUrl , .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 , .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907:hover , .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907:visited , .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907:active { border:0!important; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907:active , .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907 .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2538597ee2b0639d5a071767f6148907:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: American Psycho College Essay PaperLike the ziggurats and minarets, South American Pre-Columbian (before 1492/ white people) pyramids were holy places. The pyramids were used by many South American societies including the Aztecs, Mayans, Incas, and Olmecs, among others, and were all made during the first few centuries after Christ. These pyramids were temples used for human sacrifices to the gods, and the scenes of many mass ceremonies. At the top of the pyramid would sit the teocalli, which was the home of the god. People believed that offering the gods human blood and hearts would guarantee the sustainment of their societies and would ultimately bring prosperity. Like th e ziggurats, the pyramids were located in major populated areas, and were usually the center of their communities. Another parallel between these structures were that they were both solid inside. More like holy man made hills, rather than functioning habitats. These South American pyramids were also built using supplies and stones on site. The inside was a large pile of rubble and then the outside was built up around it. Like their Egyptian counter parts, people of high importance were buried in these pyramids. The greatest question Ive come to have, involving these glorious ancient structures, is whats the connection between the societies of the Middle East and those of South America? What would inspire them to build these ominous creations paralleling each other thousands of miles and years away? Is there something inert in man to want to reach the heavens? To be close to your god? Is it Aliens? BIBLIOGRAPHYMSN Encarta Online EncyclopediaEncyclopedia Britannica OnlineWikipedia Online EncyclopediaAncient Egypt Magazine OnlineArtdaily.org, Online Magazine

Disability and Community Life-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Choose one form of disability and community life and highlight the barriers and solutions mainly in Australia and some problems widely. Answer: Disability Employment Disability The employment barriers in Australia are quite significant factors for the service professionals. The most significant employment barriers are: Discriminative behaviour at the workplace. Lack of knowledge regarding the workplace rights. Lack of proper flexibility. Mismanagement of the superannuation process (Morris et al., 2014). Issues with the workplace conditions and environments. The issues with these areas are the major considerable factors in managing the employment factors in Australia. However, it can be inferred that the employees require gathering the adequate knowledge regarding the workplace rights and policies. The elimination of the discriminative attitudes would be much helpful in mitigating the issues with the employment barriers. Community Life Education life in Community It is notable Australia is one of the most developed and wealthiest countries in world. People received the adequate supports for their education from the community. In spite of such benefits received for the educational life, some of the significant barriers or disadvantages in Australian community still exist. The most recognizable barriers to the education life in Australia are: The level of the remoteness is the significant barrier since the students in the remote areas are consistently outperformed due to proper guidance. The diverse socio-economic class is also a considerable reason for the barriers to the education process (Mtebe Raisamo, 2014). It is noticed that the indigenous group of students consistently scoring lower grades that is quite important factor to be taken into account. Gathering the proper knowledge about the educational rights and providing the proper government supports can be beneficial in mitigating the issues with the educational factor. References Morris, A., Waghorn, G., Robson, E., Moore, L., Edwards, E. (2014). Implementation of evidence-based supported employment in regional Australia.Psychiatric rehabilitation journal,37(2), 144. Mtebe, J. S., Raisamo, R. (2014). Investigating perceived barriers to the use of open educational resources in higher education in Tanzania.The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning,15(2).

FATAL VOYAGE Essays - Indianapolis, Indiana, USS Indianapolis, McVay

FATAL VOYAGE The Sinking of the USS Indianapolis by Dan Kurzman 8 September 2000 The United States Navy's core values are based on Honor, Courage, and Commitment. These three basic principles have laid the foundation for the continued success of the Navy and has enabled us to meet and conquer every new challenge. Honor - true faith and allegiance; conducting ourselves in the highest ethical manner in all relationships with peers, superiors, and subordinates. Abide by an uncompromising code of integrity, taking responsibility for our actions and keeping our word. Courage - support and defend; make decisions in the best interest of the Navy and the nation, without regard to personal consequences. Be loyal to our nation, ensuring the resources entrusted to us are used in an honest, careful, and efficient way. Commitment - obey the orders; demand respect up and down the chain of command. Show respect to all people without regard to race, religion, or gender. Be committed to positive change and constant improvement. Fatal Voyage displayed countless examples of all of the above principles. From the Commanding Officer of the USS Indianapolis (Captain McVay), to the Japanese I-58 Commander (Hashimoto), and both of their crews, these core values were exemplified with pride and professionalism. Commander Hashimoto demonstrated honor throughout the book. He served his Emperor with true faith and allegiance. He and his crew dedicated themselves to their mission even when a majority of them new that the fight would soon be over and not in the favor of the Japanese. Captain McVay, a very proud man from a long history of Navy tradition, showed immense honor after his ship was sunk. From a floating crate, Captain McVay sat looking around at the surviving members of his crew. These people were no longer merely members of his crew, but they were now a part of him. He felt their agony, he felt their deaths, and he felt their spirit. It was no longer a matter of being the Captain of a ship, but a matter of survival. His knew role was keeping the remaining members of his crew alive and giving them hope. After being found guilty by court-martial, Captain McVay quietly accepted the courts decision. He sacrificed his honor to help ease the pain and suffering of 880 families. Although there were many people that could have been blamed for this tragic incident, Captain McVay displayed honor by holding himself accountable both professionally and personally. All of the members of the USS Indianapolis demonstrated courage by risking their lives to save the lives of others without regard to personal consequence. Many crew members supported the weight of other crew members who were injured or who were unable to find life jackets before abandoning ship. The survivors, whose mission was transformed from search and destroy to survival of the fittest under extreme conditions in shark infested water, displayed the ultimate courage. They challenged each other to survive. The Japanese military, on the brink of extinction, took drastic measures in courage. Japanese crew members, without hesitation, volunteered for suicide missions. They did this to please their Emperor and their godly ancestors. 2 These volunteers were used as human torpedoes. Although Hashimoto did not agree with this strategy, he obeyed orders. This display of courage was thought to have brought everlasting glory and fortune. Members of the USS Indianapolis exhibited the highest degrees of moral character. They worked together as a team to stay alive as a team taking turns supporting the injured and encouraging the weak. They were committed to life, theirs as well as those around them. After being without water for four days, Dr. Hayes the ship's surgeon, found a pint of water in a raft that was dropped down by the rescuers. Without thinking about his own injuries and wants, he ensured that each man was given their fair share of the water. Not once did Dr. Hayes worry about himself. He was committed to doing whatever he could to comfort those Sailors in need. Captain McVay demonstrated commitment by taking responsibility for the sinking of his ship and the death of 880 men. He was committed to the Navy and committed to the men under his command throughout his career. 3

Short term sensory store Essays

Short term sensory store Essays Short term sensory store Paper Short term sensory store Paper Sensory Memory preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second. Sensory memory allows the sensation of a visual pattern, sound or touch to linger for a brief moment after the sensory stimulation is over. In the case of vision, people really perceive an afterimage rather than the actual stimulus. Short-term Memory is a limited capacity store than can maintain unrehearsed information for about 20 to 30 seconds. In contrast, information stored in long-term memory may last weeks, months or years. Actually, you can maintain information in your short-term memory for longer than 30 seconds. How? Primarily, by engaging in rehearsal the process of verbalizing or thinking about the informationwithout rehearsal, information in short-term memory quickly decays with the passage of time. You can increase the capacity of your short-term memory by combining stimuli into larger, possibly higher-order, units called chunks. A chunk is a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit. The two key characteristics that originally defined short-term memory small capacity and short storage duration are still present in the concept of working memory. In certain models (Wickens (1992) being one such model), perceptual processes are conceptually separated into two stages: a short term sensory store (STSS) and perception. What these two stages have in common is the role of filtering out unnecessary information. Short Term Sensory Store (STSS) The STSS is a temporary storage mechanism associated with each sensory channel (i.e. the organs of the body responsible for touch, sight, smell, taste and hearing tactile system, eyes, nose, tongue and ears). For example, when you close your eyes an image remains in front of your (closed) eyes for a short period of time. This is referred to as iconic storage (echoic storage would be the same process of temporary storage associated with hearing). The STSS has a number of important characteristics which enable researchers to determine what constitutes temporary early processing versus deeper level processing. Firstly, the STSS is pre-attentive. This means that no conscious attention is required for something to be stored in an STSS, rather the signal/stimulus is stored in a particular STSS automatically. Secondly, the STSS is veridical. This means that the signal/stimulus is preserved in the STSS with all the physical attributes of the actual signal/stimulus. The STSS retains an exact replica of the physical attributes of the signal/stimulus. Finally, the STSS is short duration. The contents of the STSS using decay quite rapidly. The the case of iconic storage, the physical attributes of the stimulus usually decay after approximately one second, while in echoic storage the physical attributes of the signal/stimulus usually decay after approximately three seconds, and kineasthetic storage lasts approximately eight seconds. The STSS is important in cognitive ergonomics because it draws attention to the presence and the limitations of the temporary storage capacity of our sensory organs. Firstly, we must note that our sensory organs retain some memory of the signal/stimulus that enables us to perceive it without actually paying attention to it . Secondly, we must note that that each of the STSS have time-related constraints, and these constraints differ according to the sensory channel. For example, we are able to perceive visual cues from our environment even when we are not directing our conscious attention to those cues, provided that the visual cue enters the iconic storage mechanism and provided that the time interval is relatively short (approximately one second). For the most part though the STSS enables us to retain something of the signal/stimulus to allow further processing (or discarding). Perceptual Encoding Once a signal/stimulus has passed into the STSS it may be processed at progressively higher centres within the central nervous system. One theory contends that once information makes contact with a unique neural node that has previously been learned, is stored or is innate, then this information is perceived. Perception is an early information processing stage that is essentially involved with the recognition of a signal/stimuli and putting it into a category. Theorists and researchers have noted that there are different categories of perception. Absolute Judgement refers to the perceptual classification of a signal/stimulus into a particular categorical level (as is typical in absolute judgement task). This is characterised by people being asked to determine the loudness of a tone, the size of a crowd, or the smoothness of a surface. In such perception tasks, people are required to determine a single attribute. Detection is the simplest form of perception, which in essence is asking the question: is the signal/stimulus/target present or not? Pattern recognition, on the other hand is a more complex task that requires a person to perceive at least two dimensions in order to match a particular stimulus to a category. In the case of pattern recognition there is a great deal of interplay between perception and memory (long term memory in particular). Each of the combinations of the dimensions (usually referred to as features) must be compared to existing categorisations within long term memory. For example, the letters A a A a aA all fall into the category of a single alphabetic letter, despite their (slightly) different appearance. We are able to recognise the pattern and assign these letters to the same category. Finally, analogue perception is the continual perceptual categorisation of a dynamic signal/stimulus. Such perception is required when driving a car, when looking at an action movie or just walking across the street. It is important to note that perception requires some element of conscious attention in order to function. In this way, we are able to separate the roles of STSS and perceptual encoding, even although both processes are involved with the acquisition and filtering of information for higher order cognitive processing. The role of perceptual encoding in cognitive ergonomics is important for a number of reasons. Understanding when people are able to perceive a signal or not is important for many absolute judgement tasks. Whether a Doctor can see a small fracture on an X-ray, whether a security guard can detect a near invisible intruder on security monitor, or whether a quality assurance officer can see the small fault in a beer bottle top or all examples of real-world absolute judgement tasks that can benefit from our understanding of the mechanisms of absolute judgement perception. Pattern recognition can be applied to even more contexts than absolute judgement perception. Our understanding of pattern recognition has been applied to the problems of recognition of pictures, symbols (including letters or the alphabet and numbers) and icons. The large numbers of icons and pictorial symbols in computer software, on microwave ovens, on cellular phone displays and even motor vehicle dashboards demonstrates how prolific pattern recognition is within modern technological society. As these symbols are used more in society, so we are able to develop memory traces that enable us to recognise similar symbols in different situations. However, when we encounter unfamiliar symbols we can become confused and in some cases reluctant to continue.

Hamlet - Deliverer of Denmark Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hamlet - Deliverer of Denmark - Essay Example So who is really the hero and who is the villain in this play? This is the indeterminacy that one faces with in this play. The Ghost in the play causes Hamlet a great deal of problem and difficulty. If he is coming from the purgatory, why is he shrieking for retribution? Why does his speech sound as if it is coming from hell? No one knows the answer because no one knows Hamlet’s father except through his own eyes. On the contrary Claudius is a strong and healthy man. There is absolutely nothing wrong with Claudius – the King. His people have no problems with him and he seems to be conducting the affairs of the state with competence. His wife is happy with him and so are his courtiers. There is absolutely no one theme that can be called the central theme of the play and thus, as many as possible interpretations and themes can be derived from it, each proving itself to be as important as the other. Moreover, the elimination of a single theme from under the classification of ‘major themes’; results in the complete avoidance of an important aspect of the play. Hamlet is a tragedy of imagination and thus it is in clear opposition of the classical ideal of a tragedy. It is a tragedy of character rather than a tragedy of plot, which according to the classics was the most important part of a tragedy. This paper is going to explore the possibilities of Hamlet taking an early action in the play and is going to be based on pure assumption of the aftermath. In the very first instance when Hamlet loses his normalcy and confronts his uncle, who is now the King, is after he has witnessed the ghost. Hence, towards the end of act I, he is in dilemma. He has learnt not only about his father’s murder but also of the possible adultery of his mother. He absorbs this fact within himself, hiding it from even Horatio. He starts to play the madman. Hamlet could have entered the very first scene with a dagger in his hand directed towards Claudius. Had t hat been the case, the play could have taken a totally new interpretation of the character. He would have been accused of murder and thrown out of Denmark. But instead he internalizes his feelings and vents them in the form of soliloquy: Let me not think on't,--Frailty, thy name is woman!-- A little month; or ere those shoes were old With which she followed my poor father's body Like Niobe, all tears;--why she, even she,-- O God! a beast that wants discourse of reason, Would have mourn'd longer,--married with mine uncle, My father's brother; but no more like my father Than I to Hercules: within a month; (I.i) After witnessing the ghost and convincing himself that his uncle was involved in the murder based on his prior suspicion, he starts his quest to murder his uncle. Hamlet’s hamartia or the tragic flaw lies in his secrecy. He continues to carry out his plan without sharing it with his dearest friend. This is what causes the delay. At the end of act III scene iii, Hamlet ha s a perfect chance to kill his uncle, but there is a problem; Claudius is praying. Hamlet is afraid that if he attempts to kill him at this point in time, he would rather send him to heaven! He believes that killing him now would be "hire and salary, not revenge!" When Hamlet confronts his mother in her bedroom, where Polonius is hiding behind the tapestry, Hamlet wishes that it was Claudius in his place. Had it been the case, he could have been spared the guilt of